The Lord is good to all: and his tender mercies are
over all his works … The eyes of all wait upon thee; and thou givest them their
meat in due season. Thou openest thine hand, and satisfiest the desire of every
living thing (Ps. 145:9, 15-16).
COMMON GRACE ARGUMENT:
This Psalm, especially verse 9,
is used by many to teach a common or general grace and goodness of God upon all
men, including the reprobate ungodly.
The key word here is “all” and
the common (sic.) take on this is that it refers to absolutely everybody, bar
none, including the reprobate wicked.
(I)
Rev. Angus Stewart
God’s
“tender mercies are over all his works,” according to Psalm 145:9.
Advocates of “common grace” reckon that “all [God’s] works” here refer to everybody
head for head, including the reprobate. But immediately the next verse
declares, “All thy works shall praise thee” (v. 10a). The reprobate
do not praise God, and so they cannot be the objects of God’s “tender mercies”
(v. 9). According to Hebrew parallelism, “thy saints shall bless thee” (v. 10b)
defines God’s works here as His holy people created by His
sovereign grace in Jesus Christ (cf. Isa. 19:25; 29:23; 45:11; 60:21; 64:8;
Eph. 2:10), the citizens of the gracious kingdom of God, the subject of Psalm
145.
Let
us have the Hebrew parallelism of Psalm 145:9-10 clearly before us:
[v. 9a] The Lord is good to all:
[v. 9b] and his tender mercies are over all his
works.
[v. 10a] All thy works shall praise thee,
O Lord;
[v. 10b] and thy saints shall bless thee.
“All”
(v. 9a) and “all [God’s] works” (vv. 9b, 10a) and God’s “saints” (v. 10b) refer
to the same group, God’s holy people who are new creatures in Jesus Christ (II
Cor. 5:17; Eph. 2:10). The eternal, unchangeable and faithful Jehovah is good
to “all” of them (Ps. 145:9a) and they are the objects of His covenantal
“tender mercies” (v. 9b). Knowing God’s goodness and tender mercies, all of His
holy people “praise” (v. 10a) and “bless” (v. 10b) Him, and “speak of the glory
of [His] kingdom, and talk of [His] power” (v. 11).
Those
unfamiliar with Hebrew parallelism should consider that all of the twenty-one
verses of Psalm 145 say essentially the same thing in their two “halves:”
[v. 1] I will extol thee, my God, O king;
and I will bless thy name for ever and ever.
[v. 2] Every day will I bless thee;
and I will praise thy name for ever and ever.
[v. 3] Great is the Lord, and greatly to be praised;
and his greatness is unsearchable.
[v. 4] One generation shall praise thy works to
another,
and shall declare thy mighty acts.
[v. 5] I will speak of the glorious honour of thy
majesty,
and of thy wondrous works.
[v. 6] And men shall speak of the might of thy terrible
acts:
and I will declare thy greatness.
[v. 7] They shall abundantly utter the memory of thy great
goodness,
and shall sing of thy righteousness.
[v. 8] The Lord is gracious, and full of compassion;
slow to anger, and of great mercy.
[v. 9] The Lord is good to all:
and his tender mercies are over all his works.
[v. 10] All thy works shall praise thee, O Lord;
and thy saints shall bless thee.
[v. 11] They shall speak of the glory of thy kingdom,
and talk of thy power;
[v. 12] To make known to the sons of men his mighty acts,
and the glorious majesty of his kingdom.
[v. 13] Thy kingdom is an everlasting kingdom,
and thy dominion endureth throughout all generations.
[v. 14] The Lord upholdeth all that fall,
and raiseth up all those that be bowed down.
[v. 15] The eyes of all wait upon thee;
and thou givest them their meat in due season.
[v. 16] Thou openest thine hand,
and satisfiest the desire of every living thing.
[v. 17] The Lord is righteous in all his ways,
and holy in all his works.
[v. 18] The Lord is nigh unto all them that call upon him,
to all that call upon him in truth.
[v. 19] He will fulfil the desire of them that fear
him:
he also will hear their cry, and will save them.
[v. 20] The Lord preserveth all them that love him:
but all the wicked will he destroy.
[v. 21] My mouth shall speak the praise of the Lord:
and let all flesh bless his holy name for ever and ever.
Notice
that Psalm 145 opens by extolling the ever-blessed God as “king” (v 1). Four
times this psalm uses the word “kingdom” (vv. 11-13) and once it refers to His
“dominion” which “endureth through all generations” (v. 13). God’s “kingdom” is
glorious, majestic and everlasting (vv. 11-13). It is the topic of conversation
and the subject of divine praise for “all his works” (vv. 9b, 10a), that is,
his “saints” (v. 10b) who “speak of,” “talk of” and “make known” (vv. 11-12)
the “glory” of God’s kingdom, yea, its “glorious majesty” (vv. 11-12). In this
kingdom, God’s “power” and “mighty acts” (vv. 11-12) are known and revered.
Similarly, Jehovah’s “works,” “mighty acts,” “wondrous works” and “terrible
acts” (vv. 4-6) are also in the service of the “king” (v. 1) and His kingdom (vv.
11-13) and are so many reasons for the church of all ages to worship Him (vv. 4-6):
“One generation shall praise thy works to another, and shall declare thy mighty
acts” (v. 4). We gladly remember God’s “great goodness” and “sing” of His
“righteousness” (v. 7). We bless Him for his ethical perfections: “The Lord is
gracious, and full of compassion; slow to anger of great mercy” (v. 8). This is
seen in Jehovah’s government of His “everlasting kingdom” (v. 13), for He “upholdeth
all that fall, and raiseth up all those that be bowed down” (v. 14) and He “is
nigh unto all them that call upon him, to all that call upon him in truth” (v. 18).
Therefore He fulfills the desire of, hears the cry of, and saves those “that
fear him” (v. 19) and provides food for all, to serve the interests of His
kingdom (vv. 15-16). Thus in the whole of Psalm 145, David (preface) and “all
God’s works,” that is His “saints” (vv. 9-10), praise God the king for the
mighty acts and glorious majesty and tender mercies shown in setting up and
maintaining His kingdom. This is the same kingdom that Jesus Christ preached in
His public ministry and established in the blood of His cross and which He
governs and defends from His throne at God’s right hand—the same kingdom more
fully revealed in the pages of the New Testament. The context of Psalm 145, as
well as the Hebrew parallelism in verses 9-10, ought to have kept some from
reading “common grace” into Psalm 145:9.
This
is also the exegesis of Psalm 145 of John Owen, who writes,
David, indeed, tells us that ‘the Lord is gracious, and full of compassion; slow to anger,
and of great mercy;’ that ‘the Lord is good to all; and his tender mercies are
over all his works,’ Ps. 145:8, 9: but he tells us withal whom he intends by
the ‘all’ in this place, even the ‘generations which praise his works and
declare his mighty acts,’ verse 4; those who ‘abundantly utter the memory of
his great goodness, and sing of his righteousness,’ verse 7; or his ‘saints,’
as he expressly calls them, verse 10. The work he there mentions is the work of
the kingdom of Christ over all, wherein the tender mercies of God are spread
abroad in reference to them that do enjoy them (The Works of John Owen,
vol. 12, pp. 559-560).
Moreover,
if we would follow the eisegesis of those who believe that “all [God’s] works”
in Psalm 145:9 include every human being bar none, we would also be forced to
conclude that the same would apply to “every living thing” in verse 16. But if
we grant this, this would necessarily require us to believe that God “satisfies
the desire” for food (vv. 15-16) of every human being in the history of the
world—yet we know that many thousands have died, and still die, by hunger. Also
“every living thing” is said to “wait upon” God for food (v. 15). This may well
include animals, birds and fish (cf. Ps. 104:21, 25-28), as well as God’s
children who seek from Him alone their daily bread. But the reprobate are
unbelievers; they do not truly wait upon or pray to God for food in faith!
The
exegetical method of those who hold to “common grace” leads to absurdities in
Psalm 145, both as regards verses 9-10 and verses 15-16, as well as missing the
meaning of the psalm as whole. Let us not isolate parts of verses to make them
say what we think they say, but let us interpret Scripture with Scripture. If we
do that with this psalm, we cannot but conclude that the theory of a “common
grace” for elect and reprobate is not in view here at all. Instead, Psalm 145
praises God for revealing His might (vv. 4-6, 11-13) and goodness (vv. 7-9) and
nearness (vv. 14, 18-19) in His glorious kingdom. Verse 20 summarizes for us
God’s attitude and will towards the two antithetical, spiritual peoples: “The
Lord preserveth all them that love him: but all the wicked will he
destroy.” Why? The holy and unchangeable God of the kingdom “is righteous
in all his ways” (v. 17).
---------------------------------------------
(II)
George Martin Ophoff (1891-1962)
The expressions all, all His works, the eyes of all, and every living thing, must be made to
apply to creation, i.e., man, animal and every living thing. The question is
whether this psalm teaches that God’s tender and loving care is upon every
single creature or upon every kind of creature. The context shall have to
decide. We shall confine ourselves to the creature man …
… The poet speaks of those who love
and fear God and call upon His name, of those who are bowed down. The poet
makes mention of the saints who extol and bless God’s name, and declare His
mighty acts. Mention is made of God’s works which praise Him. And finally the
poet makes mention of the wicked. These various members form one group which we
may call the creature. This one group
the psalmist divides into two sub-groups. What is his basis of division? Fearing God and not fearing God.
According to this basis of division
the following members must be brought together into one group: “The all, all
his works, the saints, those that are bowed down, those that fear Him.”
According to the poet these various members have this in common: that they fear
and praise God. Again, according to this basis of division the wicked, and the
wicked only, comprise the other sub-group. Now the question is whether both of
these sub-groups are loved by God? What does the psalmist say? This: “The Lord
is nigh unto all that call upon Him,
to all that call upon Him in truth.
He will fill the desire of them that fear
Him: He also will hear their cry,
and save them. The Lord preserveth all them that love Him: but all the
wicked will He destroy.” Hence, the sub-group wicked are not loved by God. They are destroyed … According to the
poet the wicked (the reprobate) must not be classified with the non-ethical
creatures. They are not members of that group beloved and blessed by God. The Psalmist plainly states that the
(reprobate) wicked must be placed in a class by themselves. According to the
poet they are hated by God, not loved. The Lord destroys them.
It is not true, that the poet is
reasoning from the lesser (the non-ethical creation plus the reprobate) to the
greater (the elect). The poet places over against each other two groups: the
group that fears God, and the group that fears God not. The former is blessed,
the latter is cursed and destroyed. Such are the plain teachings of this psalm.
---------------------------------------------
(III)
Rev. Martyn McGeown
Here, although the Psalmist does not write “grace,” he praises God’s “tender
mercies,” and in the previous verse (v. 8) he writes, “The Lord is gracious
(Hebrew root: hen), and full of
compassion; slow to anger, and of great mercy.” The question is, who are the
“all” of verse 9?
A Calvinist […] must not demur at such a question, because he faces it
elsewhere, such as in II Corinthians 5:14-15 (“one died for all … he died for
all”). If [we] does not want to deny the particularity of the atonement, [we]
must interpret the word “all” in a certain way in II Corinthians 5:14-15. The
exegesis of that text is, however, not at issue here.
Suffice to say that context determines the meaning of the word “all” in
any particular text. Psalm 145 is Hebrew poetry. Therefore, we would expect the
phenomenon called “Hebrew parallelism,” in which the second phrase of a verse
is a further explanation of the first phrase. “The Lord is good to all” is
clarified by “and his tender mercies are over all his works.” Therefore, “all”
refers to “all his works.” But what do “all his works” mean? Do “all his works”
include the reprobate wicked? Certainly, God did create the reprobate wicked but are they included or
excluded here? We are not left
to speculate, for verse 10 further elucidates verse 9: “All thy works shall
praise thee, O Lord; and thy saints shall bless thee.” Therefore, the “all” of
verse 9 equals the “all thy works” of verse 10, which equals the “all thy
saints” of verse 10. Do the reprobate wicked (who, [the advocate of common
grace] claims, are included in the “all” of verse 9) praise God? Do they bless Him
(v. 10)? Do they speak of
the glory of His kingdom (v. 11)? Do the eyes of the reprobate wicked (“the
eyes of all”) wait upon God
(v. 15)?
The reprobate wicked do appear in Psalm 145, but here is what the Psalmist
says about them: “but all the wicked will he destroy” (v. 20). Is God good to them as He destroys them
and are God’s tender mercies over
them as He destroys them? To ask such questions is to answer them.
Therefore, “common grace” is neither implicitly nor explicitly taught in Psalm
145. In fact, we see from Psalm 145 that God’s attitude toward the reprobate
wicked is hatred, not love (v. 20).
---------------------------------------------
(IV)
Herman Hoeksema (1886-1965)
[a]
If
we interpret Psalm 145:9 according to the right method, we obtain the following
explanation.
First,
Scripture teaches that God hates the reprobate ungodly, that He is angry with
them, that His wrath abides on them, that He causes the things of this present
time to work to their destruction, that He sets them on slippery places by
means of prosperity and peace, and that He casts the ungodly into eternal
desolation. This is not deduced from only a single text, but is the current
teaching of Scripture. Therefore when we understand Psalm 145:9 in the light of
the whole of Scripture, the meaning cannot be that God is merciful and good to every person.
Second,
bearing this current teaching of Scripture in mind, we notice at once that the
entire psalm speaks of God’s grace, goodness, mercy, longsuffering, and great
lovingkindness toward His people.
Generation upon generation (not of all men, but of His people) shall praise His works and declare His mighty acts.
They shall abundantly utter the memory of His great goodness (toward His people) and shall sing of His
righteousness. For the Lord is gracious and full of compassion, slow to anger,
and of great mercy (vv. 4-8). The Lord upholds all who fall and raises those
who are bowed down. He is nigh to those who call on Him and will fulfil the
desire of those who fear Him. He also will hear their cries and save them (vv.
14, 18–19). And if there is any doubt that by this grace, lovingkindness,
mercy, and longsuffering of God the psalmist refers to God’s people only and
not the reprobate ungodly, note the contrast in verse 20: “The Lord preserveth
all them that love Him, but all the wicked will He destroy.” In all
seriousness, would it not be extremely strange if in the midst of all this
praise of God’s grace toward His people we would suddenly find a sentence
teaching that God is gracious also toward the ungodly, as [some] would have it?
The answer of all sound interpretation is, that cannot be the right explanation
of verse 9 when it is viewed in the light of the whole of scripture and of its
context.
Third,
with all this in mind, we notice two things in verse 9. First, we do not read
“all men” in the text but merely “all.” To what does “all” refer? What is it
content? May we, as [some do], insert here individual
men, righteous and ungodly? This would conflict with the whole of
Scripture, the whole psalm, and the text. Second, according to the rule of
Hebrew parallelism, the second part of the text explains the first part. The
Lord is good to all, and His tender
mercies are over all His works. We
explain that the Lord is good to all His works, even as His tender mercies are
over all His works. “All” therefore means all creatures in the organic sense,
all the works of God, without reference to all the individuals of a certain
kind of creatures, as, for instance, men. If we interpret the text thus, it
does not conflict with the last part of verse 20: “but all the wicked he
destroy.” All kinds of creatures are included in the word “all” in verse 9, but
the ungodly are excluded.
This
wise, sound, exegetical method will interpret the text. Only thus do we
understand the word of God.
---------------------------------------------
[b]
[Source: The Protestant Reformed Churches in America (1947), pp. 324-325]
18.
Does not Psalm 145:9 teach that God is gracious to the righteous and to
the unrighteous reprobate?
Not at all. The word “all” in the sentence (“The Lord is good to all”) must be interpreted in the light
of the context. If we do so, it will at once be evident that it does not mean
“all men,” godly and ungodly, but “all the works
of God,” man and beast and the green tree and herb of the field, the organic
whole of creation, and that the ungodly reprobate are exactly excluded from
this “all.”
19.
How can you prove this?
First of all from the second part of the text: “and His tender mercies
are over all His works.” According to the well-known rule of Hebrew
parallelism, of which we have a plain illustration in this text, the second
part here explains the first. “All” in the first part is the same as “all His
works” in the second part.
And, secondly, that this is, indeed, the correct interpretation of the
text is corroborated by the last part of the psalm, where we read: “The Lord
preserveth all them that love Him, but all the wicked will He destroy,” vs. 20.
---------------------------------------------
(V)
Dr. C. Matthew McMahon
[Source: The Two Wills of God Made Easy: Does God Really Have Two Wills?
(USA: Puritan Publications, 2016), pp. 69-70]
God
is good to all men everywhere in His indiscriminate
providence. The Psalmist says God is good to all in Psalm 145. God’s good gifts are indiscriminately given to
all men all over the world, but it is not
a kind of “grace.” The verse that is often emphasized is verse 9, “The LORD is
good to all, and His tender mercies are over all His works.” God certainly is
good to “all.” The Hebrew literally reads, “Good is Yahweh towards all.” But
who is the “all”? The only way we can understand the “all” of the verse is to
keep it in context. The word “all” is linked synonymously to the latter part of
the verse “all His works.” The word “good” is linked synonymously to “tender
mercies.” Verse 9 is linked to verse 10 which explains who the “all” are and
repeats the words “all your works” again. The “all,” “all His works,” “all Your
works,” and “saints” refer to the same
thing: those who in verse 8 know the graciousness of God and the fullness
of His mercy. Only those of verse 11, those saints, are able to speak of the
power of God and His glory, and in verse 12 they are the ones who make known
His “mighty acts.” There is mention of “every living thing.” God does “satisfy,” even the wicked.
They are “living things.” But is this grace? God does not intend their eternal
good as a result of this provision, though they may be temporarily satisfied by it. God does not intend this for their good. Instead, God ordains Yes, God does
provide for all men, and the provision He is abundant with is good. But when the wicked take these
things in their hands, they use it for ill and for sin. They do not praise or
glorify God. And the intention of the Creator is again seen. The disparity of the event shows the
intention of the Caller.15 So, “Does common grace exist?” The answer is no.
FOOTNOTES:
15. Genesis 15:16; Numbers 32:14; Job 21:30; Psalm 5:5, 7:11-13, 11:5; Proverbs 16:4; Daniel 8:23-24; Hosea 9:15; Nahum 1:2; Zechariah 5:6-11; Matthew 23:31-33; I Peter 2:8-9; I Thessalonians 2:14-16, and 5:9.
15. Genesis 15:16; Numbers 32:14; Job 21:30; Psalm 5:5, 7:11-13, 11:5; Proverbs 16:4; Daniel 8:23-24; Hosea 9:15; Nahum 1:2; Zechariah 5:6-11; Matthew 23:31-33; I Peter 2:8-9; I Thessalonians 2:14-16, and 5:9.
---------------------------------------------
(VI)
Prof. David J. Engelsma
[Source: “Is the ‘Well Meant Offer’ Biblical?” (A discussion
between Prof. David J. Engelsma and Rev. Sonny Hernandez) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K1hW1ZmL-t4,
transcripted from 31:56-34:20]
As far as Psalm 145 is
concerned … every text must be explained in its context. That’s a fundamental
rule of Christian interpretation of the Bible. To seize on a few words in the
middle of the Psalm, and mainly because the word “all” appears in it, and to
conclude from that, in contradiction from the overwhelming plain testimony of all
of Scripture, that God loves and desires to save all humans without exception,
is unacceptable exegesis of the Bible.
Psalm 145 is speaking of God’s
people; and the “all” in the middle of that Psalm is referring to “all” of God’s
people. The preceding verses speak of His compassion and forgiveness of this “all”
who are mentioned in verse 9.
If verse 9 is referring to all
human beings without exception, all human beings without exception are going to
be saved.
By the way, if the day would
ever come, which may God graciously forbid, that I had to choose between sheer
universalism and the well-meant gospel offer, I would choose sheer
universalism. At least in that case God is not a failure. His grace is
effectual. If God desires all humans to be saved, they will be saved,
because God is sovereign and almighty in the salvation of sinners. And if God
does, in fact, love all sinners without exception, Christ died for them;
and I will no accept that the cross of Christ is a failure, so that even one
for whom He died fails to inherit eternal life.
Coming back to Psalm 145:9, the
“all” there refers to all of God’s people, to whom He shows mercy. Later in the
Psalm it says He is going to “destroy” all the wicked. That is a very peculiar
act on the part of a god who “loves” those wicked, and “desires their salvation.
He’s going to “destroy” the wicked. Positively that shows that He does not love
and desire to save all humans without exception. Psalm 145 isn’t teaching that.
---------------------------------------------
(VII)
More to come! (DV)
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