Garrett
P. Johnson
[Source:
http://www.trinityfoundation.org/journal.php?id=28]
Introduction
In
1948 Westminster Seminary professors John Murray and Ned Stonehouse wrote a
doctrinal study for the Orthodox Presbyterian Church entitled The Free Offer of the Gospel. The study
was published by that church and remains its major teaching on God’s grace in
the Gospel. The writing of the study was fuelled by a major doctrinal conflict
in the OPC between Dr. Gordon H. Clark and the faculty of Westminster Seminary
concerning Clark’s fitness for ordination. Cornelius Van Til led the seminary
faculty in a Complaint against
Clark’s understanding of the Confession
of Faith. One of their chief objections concerned Clark’s view of the
so-called “sincere offer” of salvation to all men, including the reprobate.
A
similar controversy had plagued the Christian Reformed Church during the 1920s,
and that controversy originated among the faculty at Calvin Seminary. In 1924
the CRC controversy ended with the exodus of the Calvinists from the Christian
Reformed Church under the leadership of Herman Hoeksema, and the formation of a
new church, the Protestant Reformed Church. It is worth noting that a number of
the Westminster faculty had been members of the Christian Reformed Church, were
former professors at Calvin Seminary, and were influenced by the Christian
Reformed view of common grace.
In
1945 Herman Hoeksema published a series of editorials on the so-called
Clark-Van Til controversy in the Orthodox Presbyterian Church in The
Standard Bearer, the magazine of the Protestant Reformed Church.
Hoeksema wrote:
Here, too [on the issue of the sincere
offer of the Gospel], the Complaint
[against Clark] reveals, more clearly than anywhere else, its distinctly
Christian Reformed tendency, particularly its sympathy with the three
well-known decrees of the Synod of Kalamazoo, 1924.
The Complainants put it this way: “In the
course of Dr. Clark’s examination by Presbytery it became abundantly clear that
his rationalism keeps him from doing justice to the precious teaching of
Scripture that in the gospel God sincerely offers salvation in Christ to all
who hear, reprobate as well as elect, and that he has no pleasure in anyone’s
rejecting the offer but, contrariwise, would have all who hear accept it and be
saved” (The Text of a Complaint, 13).
Hoeksema
continued:
The difference is not that the Complainants
insist that the gospel must be preached to all men promiscuously, while Dr.
Clark claims that it must be preached only to the elect. That would be quite
impossible … They are agreed that the gospel must be preached to all men … But
the difference between them does concern the
contents of the gospel that must be preached promiscuously to all men.
It is really not a question to whom
one must preach, or how he
must preach, but what he must
preach. According to the Complainants the preacher is called to proclaim to all
his hearers that God sincerely seeks the salvation of them all … According to
Dr. Clark, however, the preacher proclaims to all his hearers promiscuously that God sincerely seeks the salvation of
all the elect …
[The Complainants] say that in the
preaching of the gospel God sincerely offers salvation in Christ to the
reprobate, that He would have them, the reprobate, accept the gospel, and that
He would have them be saved. “God our Saviour will have all the reprobate to be
saved and come unto the knowledge of the truth” (The Text of a Complaint, 13-14). And it is with the doctrine of
universal salvation in mind that they write: “The supreme importance for
evangelism of maintaining the Reformed doctrine of the gospel as a universal and
sincere offer is self-evident” (The Text
of a Complaint, 14). Now, you might object, as also Dr. Clark does, that
this involves a direct contradiction: God sincerely seeks the salvation of
those whom He has from eternity determined not to save. Or: God would have that
sinner live whom he does not quicken. Or: God would have the sinner, whom he
does not give faith, to accept the gospel … You might object that this is not
rational. But this objection would be of no avail to persuade the Complainants
of their error. They admit that this is irrational. But they do not want to be
rational on this point. In fact, if you should insist on being rational in this
respect, they would call you a “rationalist,” and at once proceed to seek your
expulsion from the church as a dangerous heretic. The whole Complaint against Dr. Clark is really concentrated
in and based on this one alleged error of his that he claims that the Word of
God and the Christian faith are not irrational … To accuse the Complainants of
irrationalism is, therefore, of no avail as far as they are concerned. They
openly admit, they are even boasting of, their irrational position. To be
irrational is, according to them, the glory of a humble, Christian faith.1
What
Hoeksema justly condemned as irrational was the Complainants’ bold assertion
that the Scriptures contain apparent but irreconcilable contradictions. The
Complainants wrote:
... the Reformed doctrine of the gospel as
a universal and sincere offer of salvation is self-evident. Again, we are
confronted by a situation that is inadequately described as amazing. Once more
there is a problem which has left the greatest theologians of history baffled …
But Dr. Clark asserts unblushingly that for his thinking the difficulty is
non-existent … Dr. Clark has fallen under the spell of rationalism. Rather than
subject his reason to the divine Word he insists on logically harmonizing with
each other two evident but seemingly contradictory teachings of that Word … Dr.
Clark’s rationalism has resulted in his obscuring ... a truth which constitutes
one of the most glorious aspects of the gospel of the grace of God.2
In
The Free Offer of the Gospel
(hereafter FOG), authors Murray and
Stonehouse assert:
God himself expresses an ardent desire for
the fulfilment of certain things which he has not decreed in his inscrutable
counsel to come to pass. This means that there is a will to the realization of
what he has not decretively willed, a pleasure towards that which he has not
been pleased to decree. This is indeed mysterious …3
Had
FOG been published in England in the
1640s, Murray and Stonehouse would have been applauded by the Remonstrants and
attacked by the great English Puritan John Owen, who wrote,
They [the Remonstrants] affirm that God is
said properly to expect and desire divers things which yet never come to pass.
“We grant,” saith Corvinus, “that there are desires in God that never are
fulfilled.” Now, surely, to desire what one is sure will never come to pass is
not an act regulated by wisdom or counsel; and, therefore, they must grant that
before he did not know but perhaps so it might be. “God wisheth and desireth
some good things, which yet come not to pass,” say they, in their Confession;
whence one of these two things must need follow,—either,
first, that there is a great deal of imperfection in his nature, to desire and
expect what he knows shall never come to pass; or else he did not know but it
might, which overthrows his prescience.4
Owen’s
argument, of course, does not even consider that there might be contradictions
in God’s mind. That “advancement” in theology had to await the twentieth
century, the neo-orthodox theologians, and their unwitting disciples at
Westminster Seminary. If Owen had made his reply to the Complainants in 1944 or
to Murray and Stonehouse in 1948, he would have been condemned as a
“rationalist” and drummed out of the Orthodox Presbyterian Church. Between the
seventeenth century and the twentieth, the theologians’ attitude toward logic
had changed considerably. It is the modern view of logic that Murray and
Stonehouse accept.
Logic
and Scripture
Christ
and the apostles frequently used logical arguments, sometimes almost formal in
arrangement, to silence the Scribes and Pharisees. In Luke 20:1-8 the chief
priests, scribes, and elders accosted Christ and asked Him, “Tell us, by what
authority are you doing these things? Or who is he who gave you this
authority?” Christ’s response was to pose a simple dilemma: “I will also ask
you one thing, and answer me: The baptism of John, was it from Heaven or was it
from men?” Impaled on the horns of the dilemma, the priests, scribes, and
elders sought to escape by professing ignorance. Of course, in professing
ignorance, they left themselves open to another objection, the same one that
Christ made to Nicodemus: “Are you the teacher of Israel and do not know these
things?” But Christ did not let the matter end there; He went on to answer
their question, though they did not like His answer. In verses 9-19 He tells a
parable and then tells them the meaning of Psalm 118:22. Immediately they
sought to kill Him, but did not do so because they feared the people.
In
Luke 20:27-40, Christ destroys the Sadducees by deducing the resurrection from
the name of God: “Now even Moses showed in the burning bush passage that the
dead are raised, when he called the Lord ‘the God of Abraham, the God of Isaac,
and the God of Jacob.’ For he is not the God of the dead but of the living, for
all live to him.” In the parallel passage in Mark 12, Christ says—and
all who would limit the role of logic in understanding and explaining Scripture
should note it well—“Are you not therefore mistaken, because
you do not know the Scriptures nor the power of God? ... You therefore are
greatly mistaken.” Christ reprimanded the Sadducees for failing to draw the
inescapable logical conclusion from the Old Testament premises: All those of
whom God is God are living, not dead;
God is the God of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob; therefore Abraham, Isaac, and
Jacob are living.
Likewise,
the epistles of Paul are packed with logical arguments defending the faith. In
Galatians 3:16, Paul deduces from the singular word seed the fulfilment of the Abrahamic covenant in Christ. This in
turn has further implications found in verses 26-29: the spiritual identity of
Old and New Testament believers.
In
Romans 4, Paul denies that Abraham was justified by works and argues that
justification is by faith alone, a conclusion he draws from Genesis 15:6 and
Psalm 32:1-2. In Romans 9:6-13, Paul deduces God’s eternal love for the elect
and hatred for the reprobate from Genesis 21:12; 18:1, 14; 25:23; and Malachi
1:2-3. Thus when seminary professors attack logic, they betray their ignorance
of Scripture or their unbelief of the Word of God.
In
1944 the leading Complainant against Clark’s use of logic was Dr. Cornelius Van
Til. To this day, Dr. Van Til remains a leading proponent of the doctrine that
Scripture contains irreconcilable paradoxes. He asserts:
There are those who have denied common
grace. They have argued that God cannot
have any attitude of favour ... to such as are the “vessels of wrath.” But to
reason thus is to make logic rule over Scripture. Against both Hoeksema and
Schilder, I have contended that we must think more concretely and analogically
than they did … All the truths of the Christian religion have of necessity the
appearance of being contradictory ... We do not fear to accept that which has
the appearance of being contradictory ... In the case of common grace, as in
the case of every other biblical doctrine, we should seek to take all the
factors of Scripture teaching and bind them together into systematic relations
with one another as far as we can. But we do not expect to have a logically
deducible relationship between one doctrine and another. We expect to have only
an analogical system.5
One
should immediately recognize Van Til’s rejection of the Westminster Confession’s claim to be a logically deducible system
of truth:
The whole counsel of God ... is either
expressly set down in Scripture or by good and necessary consequence may be
deduced from Scripture.
The
great Princeton theologian, Benjamin Warfield, clarified the attitude of the
Westminster divines toward Scripture and logic in his book, The Westminster Assembly and Its Work:
It must be observed, however, that the
teachings and prescriptions of Scripture are not confined by the Confession to what is “expressly set
down in Scripture.” Men are required to believe and to obey not only what is “expressly
set down in Scripture,” but also what “by good and necessary consequence may be
deduced from Scripture.” This
is the strenuous and universal contention of the Reformed theology against
Socinians and Arminians, who desired to confine the authority of Scripture to
its literal asseverations; and it involves a characteristic honouring of reason
as the instrument for the ascertainment of truth. We must depend on our human
faculties to ascertain what Scripture says; we cannot suddenly abnegate them
and refuse their guidance in determining what Scripture means. This is not, of course, to make reason the ground of
the authority of inferred doctrines and duties. Reason is the instrument of
discovery of all doctrines and duties, whether “expressly set down in
Scripture” or “by good and necessary consequence deduced from Scripture”: but their authority, when once discovered,
is derived from God, who reveals and prescribes them in Scripture, either by
literal assertion or by necessary implication … It is the Reformed contention,
reflected here by the Confession,
that the sense of Scripture is Scripture, and that men are bound by its whole
sense in all its implications.
The reemergence in recent controversies of the plea that the authority of
Scripture is to be confined to its expressed declarations, and that human logic
is not to be trusted in divine things, is, therefore, a direct denial of a
fundamental position of Reformed theology, explicitly affirmed in the Confession, as well as an abnegation of
fundamental reason, which would not only render thinking in a system
impossible, but would discredit at a stroke many of the fundamentals of the
faith, such e.g. as the doctrine of the Trinity, and would logically involve
the denial of the authority of all doctrine whatsoever, since no single
doctrine of whatever simplicity can be ascertained from Scripture except by the
use of the processes of the understanding … [The] recent plea against the use
of human logic in determining doctrine has been most sharply put forward in
order to justify the rejection of a doctrine which is explicitly taught, and
that repeatedly, in the very letter of Scripture; if the plea is valid at all,
it destroys at once our confidence in all doctrines, not one of which is
ascertained or formulated without the aid of human logic.6
In
contrast to this scriptural view, Van Til denies the possibility of a deductive
system and asserts that the “analogical truths” we have all appear to be
contradictory. Apart from this unscriptural denial of the role of logic and the
perspicuity of Scripture, one must ask the question: What is the meaning of a
“system” of non-deducible paradoxes?
Although
Westminster Seminary’s apologetics professor John Frame endorses Van Tilianism,
he presents an excellent analysis of Van Til’s proposal:
... the necessity of formulating doctrines
in “apparently contradictory” ways certainly increases the difficulty of
developing a “system of doctrine,” especially a system such as Van Til himself
advocates … How may it be shown that one doctrine “requires” another, when our
paradoxical formulations fail even to show how the two are compatible? His
stress on apparent contradiction, though it does not render Christianity
irrational or illogical, does seem at least to make very difficult if not
impossible the task of the systematic theologian.7
Mr.
Frame should understand that Van Til’s views do make Christianity irrational
and illogical. They are incompatible with systematic theology. More
fundamentally, Van Tilianism, in the words of Warfield, “logically involves the
denial of the authority of all doctrine whatsoever.” To accept Van Tilianism is
to reject, implicitly, the whole of Christianity. The two are not logically
compatible. Therefore, we conclude that the Complainants’ charge of
“rationalism” against Clark was founded upon an unscriptural and
anti-Confessional rejection of logic and constitutes an inexcusable attack upon
one of the central teachings of the Reformation: Scripture interprets
Scripture.
Some Great Theologians
During
the Clark-Van Til controversy in the OPC, the Complainants alleged that there
are other mysterious paradoxes in the Bible besides common grace and
reprobation. They sought to discredit Clark by claiming that these paradoxes
had left the greatest theologians of history baffled. They quoted from Berkhof,
Calvin, Vos, A. A. Hodge, and Abraham Kuyper to support their position; but
their quotations do not support their position. The reader is encouraged to
study Hoeksema’s discussion of these quotations published in The
Standard Bearer [now in the book, The
Clark-Van Til Controversy].
One
must keep in mind that Clark was accused of rationalism not because of the
particular solutions he offered for the alleged paradoxes, or at least not
primarily for that reason, but because he attempted to find solutions. It was indeed
amazing that a group of theologians would actually accuse a brother theologian
of heresy because he tried to solve theological problems. Hoeksema’s comments
are pertinent:
No theologian has ever proceeded from the
assumption of the Complainants. Dogmatics is a system of truth elicited from
Scripture. And exegesis always applied the rule of the regula Scripturae, which means that throughout the Bible there runs
a consistent line of thought, in the light of which the darker and more
difficult passages must be interpreted. The Complainants virtually deny this …8
John
Owen’s comments quoted previously revealed the Complainants’ leanings toward
Remonstrant doctrine. But both the Christian Reformed and the Orthodox
Presbyterian doctrines of common grace are more specifically similar to the
seventeenth-century heresies of the School of Saumur, France, under Cameron and
his pupils, Amyraldus and Testardus. A. A. Hodge described these “novelties”:
Their own system was generally styled Universalismus Hypotheticus, an
hypothetic or conditional universalism. They taught that there were two wills
or purposes in God in respect to man’s salvation. The one will is a purpose to
provide, at the cost of the sacrifice of his own Son, salvation for each and
every human being without exception if they believe—a
condition foreknown to be universally and certainly impossible. The other will
is an absolute purpose, depending only upon his own sovereign good pleasure, to
secure the certain salvation of a definite number …
This view represents God as loving the
non-elect sufficiently to give them his Son to die for them, but not loving
them enough to give them faith and repentance … It represents God as willing at
the same time that all men be saved and that only the elect be saved. It
denies, in opposition to the Arminian, that any of God’s decrees are
conditioned upon the self-determined will of the creature, and yet puts into
the mouths of confessed Calvinists the very catch-words of the Arminian system,
such as universal grace, the conditional will of God, universal redemption,
etc.
The language of Amyraldus, the “Marrow
Men,” Baxter, Wardlaw, Richards, and Brown is now used to cover much more
serious departures from the truth. All really consistent Calvinists ought to
have learned by now [1867] that the original position of the great writers and
confessions of the Reformed Churches have only been confused, and neither
improved, strengthened nor illustrated, by all the talk with which the Church
has ... been distracted as to the “double will” of God, or the “double
reference” of the Atonement. If men will be consistent in their adherence to
these “Novelties,” they must become Arminians. If they would hold consistently
to the essential principles of Calvinism, they must discard the “Novelties.”9
Both
the Complainants and the Amyraldians assert a “double will” in God, and Hodge’s
warning is just as relevant today as it was over a hundred years ago.
Proponents
of common or universal grace have appealed to the Dutch Reformed theologian,
Abraham Kuyper, as a proponent of their view. The Protestant Reformed historian
and theologian, David Engelsma, corrects this error:
It is widely assumed that the well-meant
gospel offer, or free offer, has strong backing in the Dutch Reformed theologian,
Abraham Kuyper ... This assumption is false ... [It] is not true that Kuyper
held the doctrine of the well-meant offer—not even in De Gemeene Gratie; on the contrary, he was an avowed foe of the
theology of the offer ... Kuyper’s common grace had nothing to do with this
universal grace. The common grace of Kuyper was merely a favour of God that
gives the world ‘the temporal blessings’ of rain, sunshine, health, and riches,
and that restrains corruption in the world so that the world can produce good
culture. It was not a grace that aimed at the salvation of the reprobate, a
grace that was expressed in a well-meaning offer of Christ, or a grace that was
grounded in a universal atonement ...
Kuyper feared-prophetically—as
history shows!—that misuse would be made of [his] doctrine
of common grace, “as if saving grace
were meant by it,” with the result that “the firm foundation that grace [genade] is particular would again be
dislodged ...”
An outstanding and very clear instance of
the fatal development of common grace into universal, saving grace is the first
point of the doctrine of common grace adopted by the Christian Reformed Church
in 1924 ...
One finds on every hand that men ground
their teaching of a grace of God for all in the preaching, i.e., the well-meant
offer, in God’s common grace, thus transforming common (non-saving) grace into
the universal (saving) grace of historic Romanism and Arminianism. In doing
this, they are deaf to Kuyper’s pleas not to make this mistake ...
The Orthodox Presbyterian theologians,
Murray and Stonehouse, are guilty of this ...
Kuyper [was] encouraged to defend particular
grace by the fact that “in earlier, and spiritually better, ages, I would have
found plenty of allies.” He points to a “cloud of witnesses” which did not know
a grace which is not particular. This cloud of witnesses includes Augustine,
Calvin, Peter Martyr, Rivet, Voetius, Witsius, Beza, Zanchius, Gomarus,
Turretin, and many others ... The teaching of ‘universal or common grace,’ on
the other hand, which is the ‘doctrine of Rome, the Socinians, the Mennonites,
the Arminians, and the Quakers, crept into the Reformed Churches from without,
especially through Amyraut and the Saumur school.10
If
Kuyper and Hodge were disturbed by the widespread influence of common grace in
the last century, is it any wonder that Clark and Hoeksema were forced to
separate from such a fierce and firmly implanted error seventy-five years
later?
The Exegesis of Scripture
Anyone
who proposes a theological doctrine must support his claim from Scripture. In
the opinion of Cornelius Van Til, “The most important thing to be said about
John Murray is that he was, above all else, a great exegete of the Word of
God.”11 We shall see.
In
FOG Murray exegeted several passages
of Scripture in support of his peculiar view that “God himself expresses an
ardent desire for the fulfilment of certain things which he has not decreed in
his inscrutable counsel to come to pass” and that “there is in God a benevolent
loving kindness towards the repentance and salvation of even those whom he has
not decreed to save ... [The] grace offered is nothing less than salvation in
its richness and fullness. The love or lovingkindness that lies back of that
offer is not anything less; it is the will to that salvation.”12 The
passages Murray appeals to are Matthew 5:44-48; Acts 14:17; Deuteronomy 5:29;
32:29; Psalm 81:13ff; Isaiah 48:18; Matthew 23:37; Luke 13:34; Ezekiel 18:23,
32; 33:11; Isaiah 45:22; and II Peter 3:9.
Matthew
5:44-48
Murray
himself admits that “This passage does not indeed deal with the overtures of
grace in the gospel ... What bearing this [passage] may have upon the grace of
God manifested in the free offer of the gospel to all without distinction
remains to be seen.”13
Unfortunately
the bearing of this passage upon the free offer of the Gospel is not made clear
in FOG. At the end of their essay,
Murray and Stonehouse do conclude, however, that “our provisional inference on
the basis of Matthew 5:44-48 is borne out by the other passages. The full and
free offer of the gospel is a grace bestowed upon all ... The grace offered is
nothing less than salvation in its richness and fullness. The love or
lovingkindness that lies back of that offer is not anything less; it is the
will to that salvation.”14
This
sort of exegesis, as we shall see shortly, rests upon a most peculiar
hermeneutical principle: Passages of Scripture which do not support common
saving grace demonstrate common saving grace in a passage that, by the
exegete’s own admission, does not deal with saving grace. Perhaps this is an
example of the sort of non-deducible “analogical truth” that Van Til has
praised and recommended. But let us proceed to those other passages on which
Murray and Stone house rest their case.
II
Peter 3:9
“The
Lord is not slack concerning his promise, as some count slackness, but is
longsuffering toward us, not willing that any should perish but that all should
come to repentance.”
Let
us compare Murray’s exegesis of this verse with Francis Turretin’s, John
Owen’s, John Gill’s, and Gordon Clark’s:
Murray:
God does not wish that any men should
perish. His wish is rather that all should enter upon life eternal by coming to
repentance. The language in this part of the verse is so absolute that it is
highly unnatural to envisage Peter as meaning merely that God does not wish that
any believers should perish ... The language of the clauses, then, most naturally
refers to mankind as a whole ... It does not view men either as elect or as
reprobate.15
Turretin:
The will of God here spoken of ‘should not
be extended further than to the elect and believers, for whose sake God puts
off the consummation of ages, until their number shall be completed.’ This is
evident from ‘the pronoun us which
precedes, with sufficient clearness designating the elect and believers, as
elsewhere more than once, and to explain which he adds, not willing that any, that
is, of us, should perish.’16
Owen:
“The will of God,” say some, “for the
salvation of all, is here set down both
negatively, that he would not have
any perish, and positively, that he
would have all come to repentance ...” Many words need not be spent in answer
to this objection, wrested from the misunderstanding and palpable corrupting of
the sense of the words of the apostle. That indefinite and general expressions
are to be interpreted in an answerable proportion to the things whereof they
are affirmed, is a rule in the opening of the Scripture ... Will not common
sense teach us that us is to be
repeated in both the following clauses, to make them up complete and full,—namely,
“Not willing that any of us
should perish, but that all of us
should come to repentance”? ... Now, truly, to argue that because God would
have none of those to perish, but all of them to come to repentance, therefore
he hath the same will and mind towards all and every one in the world (even
those to whom he never makes known his will, nor ever calls to repentance, if
they never once hear of his way of salvation), comes not much short of extreme
madness and folly ... I shall not need add any thing concerning the
contradictions and inextricable difficulties wherewith the opposite
interpretation is accompanied ... The text is clear, that it is all and only the elect whom he would not have
to perish.17
Gill:
It is not true that God is not willing any
one individual of the human race should perish, since he has made and appointed the wicked for the day of evil, even ungodly men, who are fore-ordained
to this condemnation, such as are vessels
of wrath fitted for destruction; yea, there are some to whom God sends strong delusions, that they may
believe a lie, that they all might be damned ... Nor is it his will that
all men, in this large sense, should come to repentance, since he withholds
from many both the means and grace of repentance ...18
Clark:
Arminians have used the verse in defense of
their theory of universal atonement. They believe that God willed to save every
human being without exception and that something beyond his control happened so
as to defeat his eternal purpose. The doctrine of universal redemption is not
only refuted by Scripture generally, but the passage in question makes nonsense
on such a view ... Peter is telling us that Christ’s return awaits the
repentance of certain people. Now, if Christ’s return awaited the repentance of
every individual without exception, Christ would never return. This is no new
interpretation. The Similitudes viii,
xi, 1, in the Shepherd of Hermas (c.
A.D. 130-150) ... says, “But the Lord, being long-suffering, wishes [thelei] those who were called [ten klesin ten genomenen] through his
Son to be saved” ... It is the called or elect whom God wills to save.19
Murray’s
interpretation of II Peter 3:9 conflicts with the rest of Scripture. He arrogantly
refuses to let his understanding of the passage be governed by the principle
that all the parts of Scripture agree with one another. He implicitly denies,
as the Confession that he professed
to believe asserts, that one of the marks of Scripture is the “consent of all
the parts.”
Ezekiel
18:23, 32; 33:11
“Do
I have any pleasure at all that the wicked should die,” says the Lord God, “and
not that he should turn from his ways and live? ... For I have no pleasure in
the death of one who dies,” says the Lord God. “Therefore turn and live! ... I
have no pleasure in the death of the wicked, but that the wicked turn from his
way and live. Turn, turn from your evil ways! For why should you die, O house
of Israel?”
Murray:
It does not appear to us in the least
justifiable to limit the reference of these passages to any one class of wicked
persons ... It is absolutely and universally true that God does not delight in
or desire the death of a wicked person ... This [“turn ye, turn ye from your
evil ways”] is a command that applies to all men without any discrimination or
exception. It expresses therefore the will of God to repentance ... God does
not will that any should die ... There is the delight or pleasure or desire
that it should come to be, even if the actual occurrence should never take
place ... In terms of his decretive will it must be said that God absolutely
decrees the eternal death of some wicked and, in that sense, is absolutely
pleased so to decree. But in the text it is the will of God’s benevolence ...
that is stated, not the will of God’s decree ...20
Calvin:
If it is equally in God’s power to convert
men as well as to create them, it follows that the reprobate are not converted,
because God does not wish their
conversion; for if he wished it he could do it: and hence it appears
that he does not wish it.21
Turretin:
Although God declares that he “does not
will the death of the wicked, but that he turn from his way and live,” it does
not follow that he has willed and planned from eternity the conversion and life
of everyone, [even] subject to any condition, for ... it is certain that this
refers to God’s will as commanding, not to the will of his good pleasure ...22
Gill:
The expostulation, Why will ye die?, is not made with all men; nor can it be proved
that it was made with any who were not eventually saved, but with the house of Israel, who were
called the children and people of God; and therefore cannot disprove any act of
preterition passing on others, nor be an impeachment of the truth and sincerity
of God. Besides, the death expostulated about is not an eternal, but a temporal
one, or what concerned their temporal affairs, and civil condition, and
circumstances of life ...23
Clark:
Ezekiel 18 presents several difficulties.
Verses 2, 4, and 20 could in isolation be taken as contradictory of Romans
5:12-21 ... Another difficulty, one that occurs in several books of the Bible,
including Romans 2:10, 14-25, occurs in Ezekiel 18:19, 21-22, 27-28, 31. These
verses, in both books, sound as if some men could merit God’s justification on
the basis of their own works of righteousness. But the context in Romans and
Galatians and elsewhere teaches justification by faith alone. Now, if these
contexts so completely alter the superficial meaning of the verses in question,
one must be prepared to alter the Arminian interpretation of verses 23 and 32 ...
Therefore the contiguous verses in Ezekiel, the context of the book as a whole,
and the references in the New Testament indicate that God has no pleasure in
the death of Israel ... Ezekiel 33 contains similar statements, which must be given
the same interpretation.24
If
the Complainants were correct in thinking that Clark was heretical for attempting to apply logic to Scripture,
Calvin and Turretin must be heretics as well. Calvin’s argument makes a very
neat syllogism: All that God wishes he does; God does not convert the
reprobate; therefore, God wishes not to convert the reprobate.
A
further comment needs to be made. In their exegesis of this passage and several
others, Murray and Stonehouse violate one of the laws of logic repeatedly by
making inferences from imperative sentences. Luther condemned such elementary
blunders with these words:
By the words of the law man is admonished
and taught, not what he can do, but what he ought to do. How is it that you
theologians are twice as stupid as schoolboys, in that as soon as you get hold
of a single imperative verb you infer an indicative meaning ... ?”25
Deuteronomy
5:29; 32:29; Psalm 81:13; Isaiah 48:18
“Oh,
that they had such a heart in them that they would fear me and always keep all
my commandments, that it might be well with them and with their children
forever ... Oh, that they were wise, that they understood this, that they would
consider their latter end! ... Oh, that my people would listen to me, that
Israel would walk in my ways! ... Oh, that you had heeded my commandments!”
Murray:
[Here] we have the expression of [God’s]
earnest desire or wish or will that the people of Israel were of a heart to
fear him and keep all his commandments always ... [Therefore] we have an
instance of desire on the part of God for the fulfilment of that which he had
not decreed, in other words, a will on the part of God to that which he had not
decretively willed.26
Gill:
[These] words do not express God’s desire
of their [Israel’s] eternal salvation, but only of their temporal good and
welfare ...27
Owen:
[In] all these expostulations there is no
mention of any ransom given or atonement made for them that perish ... but they
are all about temporal mercies, with the outward means of grace ... [There] are
no such expostulations here expressed, nor can any be found holding out the
purposes and intention of God in Christ towards them that perish. Secondly ...
all these places urged ... are spoken to and of those that enjoyed the means of
grace, who ... were a very small portion of all men; so that from what is said
to them nothing can be concluded of the mind and purpose of God towards all
others ... Fifthly, that desires and
wishing should properly be ascribed unto God is exceedingly opposite to his
all-sufficiency and the perfection of his nature; they are no more in him than
he hath eyes, ears, and hands.28
This
last comment of Owen’s points up the defective view of God held by Murray and
Stonehouse. Some people are confused by the anthropomorphisms in Scripture:
They think that God actually has hands, arms, eyes, and wings. Others, like
Murray and Stonehouse, are confused by the anthropopathisms of Scripture: They
think that God actually has emotions and passions, which He suffers. In fact,
half of FOG is given over to
attempting to prove not only that God has desires, but that He has unfulfilled desires, desires that He
knows will never be fulfilled. God, according to Murray and Stonehouse, is a
pathetic victim of unrequited love. This is not the sort of God described in
chapter two of the Westminster Confession
of Faith.
Matthew
23:37; Luke 13:34
“O,
Jerusalem, Jerusalem, the one who kills the prophets and stones those who are
sent to her! How often I wanted to gather your children together, as a hen
gathers her chicks under her wings, but you were not willing.”
Murray:
In this passage there should be no dispute
... [We] have the most emphatic declaration on the part of Christ of his having
yearned for the conversion and salvation of the people of Jerusalem.29
Calvin:
By these words, Christ shows more clearly
what good reason he had for indignation, that Jerusalem, which God had chosen to be his sacred ... abode, not
only had shown itself to be unworthy of so great an honour, but ... had long
been accustomed to suck the blood of the prophets. Christ therefore utters a
pathetic exclamation at a sight so monstrous ... Christ does not reproach them
with merely one or another murder, but says that this custom was ... deeply
rooted ... This is expressive of
indignation rather than compassion.30
Gill:
That
the gathering here spoken of does not
design a gathering of the Jews to Christ internally, by the Spirit and grace of
God; but a gathering of them to him internally [externally?], by and under the
ministry of the word, to hear him preach ... [In] order to set aside and
overthrow the doctrines of election, reprobation, and particular redemption, it
should be proved that Christ, as God, would have gathered, not Jerusalem and
the inhabitants thereof only, but all mankind, even such as are not eventually
saved, and that in a spiritual saving way and manner to himself, of which there is not the least intimation in this
text.31
Acts
14:17
“Yet
he did not leave himself without witness, for he did good by giving you rains
from heaven and fruitful seasons, satisfying your hearts with food and gladness.”
Murray:
This text does not express as much as those
considered already [Matthew 5:44-48].32
Since,
by Murray’s own admission, Matthew 5:44-48 “does not indeed deal with the
overtures of grace in the gospel,” need we say more? Only this: Murray’s
principal of hermeneutics seems to be the ten leaky buckets theory. That theory
holds that while a passage may not be relevant to a certain doctrine, by
putting several such irrelevant passages together, the doctrine is established.
This principle doesn’t hold water, and Murray leaks.
Isaiah
45:22
“Look
to me, and be saved, all you ends of the Earth!”
Murray:
This text expresses then the will of God in
the matter of the call, invitation, appeal, and command of the gospel, namely,
the will that all should turn to him and be saved. What God wills in this sense
he is certainly pleased to will. If it is his pleasure to will that all repent
and be saved, it is surely his pleasure that all repent and be saved ... [God]
declares unequivocally that it is his will and, impliedly, his pleasure that
all turn and be saved.33
It
must be expected that those who despise logic should make silly blunders like
that above. Notice the word impliedly.
Murray is obviously making a logical inference. But is the inference valid? His
argument is this: Since God has commanded all men to repent, he has willed that
all men should repent. It simply does not follow. The whole is a logical
fallacy. Perhaps the reader will see this better if we apply it to Abraham: If
God commands Abraham to kill Isaac, then it is God’s pleasure that Isaac be
killed. Of course, it never was God’s pleasure that Isaac be killed, as we are
told. Murray again makes an invalid inference from an imperative verb.
In
addition to avoiding logical blunders, theologians should strive to use precise
language. Murray’s exegesis relies on an ambiguity in the word will. Will can mean either command or decree. It is God’s will (command) that murder not be committed,
and it is His will (decree) that Jesus should be murdered. There is no
contradiction in this statement once one sorts out the two meanings of the word
will in Scripture. But Murray would
have us believe that God wills and not wills murder—and
salvation—in a similar sense. He fails repeatedly to
distinguish between God’s decree and God’s command. That is why his use of the
word impliedly fails in this passage.
God is commanding all the ends of the
earth to look to Him and be saved. He is not wishing, still less decreeing. God is unequivocal, but Murray is
not.
Conclusion
The
reader may wonder what all this has to do with “practical” Christianity. It has
the most serious implications. The inherent contradictions in Van Tilianism
generally and in FOG in particular thwart
the preaching of the gospel. The content of the gospel is itself confused: Did
Christ die for all men, does He wish the salvation of all men, or did He die
only for His people and actually accomplish their salvation? If the Bible
teaches ideas that cannot be reconciled with each other, if all the teaching of
the Bible is apparently contradictory, then no one, including the preacher, has
the foggiest idea what the Bible says. The result is an increasing indifference
to theology and doctrine and a growing interest in other sorts of religiosity.
Intellectual Christianity, already abandoned in most denominations, is being
rapidly replaced by activist, aesthetic, and experiential religion in the
Orthodox Presbyterian Church as well.
Saving
grace is not common. It is particular. Sin is common. For forty years the
Orthodox Presbyterian Church has been confused about this matter. Perhaps there
are some within it who will choose Paul, Calvin, Luther, Turretin, Hodge,
Warfield, Owen, Gill, Kuyper, Hoeksema, and Clark rather than Murray,
Stonehouse, and Van Til. If so, they had better do it quickly, for the deadly
effects of irrationalism have already seriously eroded the foundations of that
church.
-----------------
FOOTNOTES:
1. The
Standard Bearer, June 1, 1945, 384-386. These editorials have been
reprinted and are available from The Trinity Foundation in the book The Clark-Van Til Controversy.
2. Text of a
Complaint, Minutes of the Twelfth General Assembly of the Orthodox Presbyterian
Church, 29.
3. The Free
Offer of the Gospel, no city, no publisher, no date, 26.
4. The Works
of John Owen, vol. X. The Banner of Truth Trust, 1967, 25.
5. Cornelius Van Til, Common Grace and the Gospel, Presbyterian and Reformed Publishing
Company, 1973, 165-166.
6. Benjamin B. Warfield, The Westminster Assembly and Its Work, Mack Publishing Company,
1972, 226-227.
7. John Frame, “The Problem of Theological
Paradox,” in Foundations of Christian
Scholarship, Gary North, ed. Ross House Books, 1976, 310.
8. Herman Hoeksema, The Clark-Van Til Controversy.
9. Archibald A. Hodge, The Atonement. Evangelical Press, 1974, 375-378.
10. David J. Engelsma, Hyper-Calvinism
and the Call of the Gospel. Reformed Free Publishing Association, 1980,
109-115.
11. Quoted in Iain H. Murray, The Life of John Murray. The Banner of Truth Trust, 1984, 93.
12. FOG,
26-27.
13. FOG,
5, 7.
14. FOG,
27.
15. FOG,
24.
16. Francis Turretin, Institutio Theologiae Elencticae, as quoted by David J. Engelsma, Hyper-Calvinism, 96.
17. John Owen, 348-349.
18. John Gill, The
Cause of God and Truth. Baker Book House, 1980, 62-63.
19. Gordon H. Clark, I & II Peter. Presbyterian and Reformed Publishing Co., 1980,
71.
20. FOG,
14-19.
21. John Calvin, Commentary on Ezekiel. Baker Book House, 1979, 248.
22. Francis Turretin, Institutio Theologiae Elencticae, in Reformed Dogmatics, John W. Beardslee, ed. Baker Book House,
1977, 437.
23. John Gill, The
Cause of God and Truth, 24.
24. Gordon H. Clark, Predestination in the Old Testament. Presbyterian and Reformed
Publishing Co., 1978, 41-42.
25. Martin Luther, The Bondage of the Will. James Clarke and Company, 1957, 151.
26. FOG,
8-9.
27. John Gill, The
Cause of God and Truth, 5.
28. John Owen, as quoted by David J. Engelsma, Hyper-Calvinism, 400-401.
29. FOG,
10-11.
30. John Calvin, Commentary, vol. XVII, 105-106.
31. John Gill, The
Cause of God and Truth, 29. Gill’s exegesis of the verse is unsurpassed but
too lengthy to quote here. He explains how commentators have seen both
indignation and compassion in it.
32. FOG,
8.
33. FOG,
20-21.
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